In December of 1606, three merchant ships left England and later landed in Virginia in Spring of 1607. The 104 men and boys on the ships chose to settle on the banks of the James River. This became Jamestown, the first permanent settlement in what would later become the United States. Note that was thirteen years, that's right, thirteen years! before the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts in 1620. So how does Plymouth, Massachusetts get away with calling itself, "America's Hometown?" Clever of them, I'd say.
But why settle here in Jamestown? It was a disease-ridden, bug-infested swamp. Turns out though, it was on a defensible spit of land into the James River (named the Powhatan River by the natives) with good visibility of anyone approaching by water, it had a narrow isthmus separating it from the mainland that was submerged at high tide, there was deep-water adjacent for tying boats to the trees, it was unoccupied by natives, and the water was "sweet" (not brackish). As it turned out, it was only temporarily sweet due to the winter runoff.
But why settle here in Jamestown? It was a disease-ridden, bug-infested swamp. Turns out though, it was on a defensible spit of land into the James River (named the Powhatan River by the natives) with good visibility of anyone approaching by water, it had a narrow isthmus separating it from the mainland that was submerged at high tide, there was deep-water adjacent for tying boats to the trees, it was unoccupied by natives, and the water was "sweet" (not brackish). As it turned out, it was only temporarily sweet due to the winter runoff.
At that time, virgin forests covered the vast majority of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. It was a bountiful land and the natives already had systems of trade and commerce between their own scattered communities. After the long journey over the sea, the English settlers were astonished to see the abundance when arriving in May of 1607. George Percey recounted that the land was" full of fine and beautiful strawberries four times bigger than ours in England." Virginia was a paradise.
One of the earlier industries attempted by the settlers was glass-making since demand for glass in Europe was not being adequately met. Making glass was not easy back then. Today, the mixture is heated to 2500 degrees Fahrenheit overnight. In 1608, it took up to two weeks to get the furnace hot enough. Glass is made of sand, soda ash, pot ash, and lime - sand from the beach, soda ash from burned seaweed or marsh plants, pot ash from burned wood ash, and lime from crushed oyster shells.
A demonstration glass-making house stands today nearby the original remains of the 1608 location.
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